Out

From Cricipedia

Ways of Getting Out

Law 2.9(b) : Retired If any batsman leaves the field of play without the Umpire's consent for any reason other than injury or incapacity, he may resume the innings only with the consent of the opposing captain. If he fails to resume his innings, he is recorded as being Retired - out.

Only two players in Test history have ever been given out in this manner, Marvan Atapattu (for 201) and Mahela Jayawardene (for 150), both in the same innings of the same match playing for Sri Lanka against Bangladesh in September 2001[3]. Apparently, this was done in order to give the other players batting practice; the unsportsmanlike behavior drew criticism.[4] In May 1983 Gordon Greenidge of the West Indies retired out on 154 to visit his daughter, who was ill and who died two days later; he was subsequently judged to have retired not out, the only such decision in Test history[5].

There are numerous other recorded instances of batsmen retiring out in first-class cricket. In 1993 Graham Gooch, immediately after completing his hundredth first-class century with a six, retired on 105[6].

Law 30 : Bowled

If a bowler's delivery hits the stumps and dislodges a bail, the striker (the batsman facing the bowler) is out. The ball can either have struck the stumps directly, or have been deflected off the bat or body of the batsman. However, the batsman is not bowled out if the ball is touched by a fielder before hitting the stumps.

Law 31 : Timed out If a new player takes more than three minutes to be ready to face or be ready for his partner the next delivery after the previous batsman was ruled out, then the new player is out. In the case of extremely long delays, the umpires may forfeit the match to either team. This method of taking a wicket has never been employed in the history of Test cricket. However how long a delay is allowed before calling the game a forfeit, is still not known. Darryl Hair's controversial decision to award the 4th test in 2006 to England when Pakistan refused to take the field resulted in his sacking from international cricket, despite his being within the rules of the game. In 2008 Darryl Hair was allowed to resume his career as a Test Match Umpire.

There have been only four occasions in all forms of First-Class cricket where a batsman has been given out Timed Out[7]. These are:

A. Jordaan - Eastern Province v Transvaal at Port Elizabeth in 1987-88 (Jordaan, not out overnight, was prevented from reaching the ground by flooded roads the following day) H. Yadav - Tripura v Orissa at Cuttack in 1997-98 (Yadav, in conversation with his team manager on the boundary, did not attempt to reach the crease) V.C. Drakes - Border v Free State at East London in 2002 (Drakes was still on his way to the match by aeroplane from his native West Indies when he was due to bat) A.J. Harris - Nottinghamshire v Durham UCCE at Nottingham in 2003 (Harris, suffering from a groin strain, took too long to walk to the crease and was given out on appeal).

Law 32 : Caught If the batsman hit the ball with the bat (or with the glove when the glove is in contact with the bat) and the ball is caught by the bowler or a fielder before it hits the ground, then the batsman is out. The batsman can not be given out caught if the ball strikes a helmet worn by a member of the fielding side prior to being caught, regardless of whether it touches the ground or not.

"Caught behind" (an unofficial term) indicates that a player was caught by the wicket-keeper or slips. "Caught and bowled" (another unofficial term) indicates the player who bowled the ball also took the catch.

Law 33 : Handled the ball If the batsman touches the ball with his hand for any purpose other than, with the approval of the fielders, to return the ball to the bowler, he is out.

Only seven batsman have been out handled the ball in the history of Test cricket[8]: Russell Endean, Andrew Hilditch, Mohsin Khan, Desmond Haynes, Graham Gooch, Steve Waugh and Michael Vaughan. Two batsmen have been given out in this fashion in one-day internationals[9]: Mohinder Amarnath and Darryl Cullinan.

Law 34 : Hit the ball twice

If the batsman "hits" the ball twice, he is out. The first hit is considered to be if the ball has struck the batsman or his bat, whilst the second "hit" has to be an intentional and separate contact with the ball - not necessarily using the bat. The batsman may hit the ball a second time with his bat or body (not a hand not in contact with the bat) if it is performed to stop the ball from hitting the stumps.

No batsman has been out hit the ball twice in Test cricket.

Law 35 : Hit wicket

If the batsman dislodges his own stumps with his body or bat, he is out.

This law does not apply if he was avoiding a ball thrown back to the wicket by a fielder, or broke the wicket in avoiding a run out.

This law also applies if part of the batsman's equipment in disloged and hits the stumps: Dwayne Bravo hit Kevin Pietersen in the head with a bouncer and his helmet hit the stumps during the 2007 England vs West Indies test match at Old Trafford; a topspinner from Richie Benaud once knocked off Joe Solomon's cap, and the cap landed on Solomon's stumps.

Being out hit-wicket is often seen as a comic method of dismissal. In 1991 Jonathan Agnew and Brian Johnston, commentators on BBC Radio's Test Match Special, got themselves into difficulty while commentating on Ian Botham's dismissal (Botham dislodged his leg bail whilst trying to step over the stumps, having lost his balance in missing a hook shot against Curtly Ambrose), Agnew commenting that he "couldn't quite get his leg over".[10]

The most crucial hit-wicket dismissal in Test history was arguably that of Graeme Smith at Trent Bridge in 2003: Smith had made 277 (South Africa's highest ever Test innings) and 85 from 70 balls at Edgbaston, and 259 at Lord's, as South Africa dominated the first two Tests of the series. In the third, Smith was on 35 when he played back to Andrew Flintoff and trod on his stumps. His form shattered, he did not reach 20 again in the series as England fought back for a morale-boosting 2-2 series draw, a result which marked the start of a resurgence which would ultimately lead to the 2005 Ashes victory.

A more recent example of a comic hit-wicket dismissal was when the Pakistan captain Inzamam-ul-Haq was given out hit wicket when he missed a sweep against Monty Panesar, was hit in the midriff by the ball, lost his balance and collapsed on to his stumps (and into wicket-keeper Chris Read) during the Headingley test match in the 2006 test series between England and Pakistan.[11]

Law 36 : Leg before wicket (LBW) If the ball strikes any part of the batsman's person (not necessarily the leg), and, in the umpire's judgement, the ball would have hit the batsman's stumps but for this interception, then the batsman is out. The point of impact must be within line with the batsman's stumps and the bowler's stumps if the batsman is playing a stroke. The batsman can be given out if the ball strikes him outside the off stump, if the ball would have hit the stumps and if the batsman is playing no stroke. The ball must not pitch outside the line of leg stump. Also, the ball cannot have made contact with the bat or glove before hitting the batsman.

Law 37 : Obstructing the field If the batsman, by action or by words, obstructs a fielder, then he is out. However, a batsman is allowed to obstruct the view of a fielder by standing in front of him. He may also stand in between the fielder and the stumps. The rule intends to prevent batsman from interfering with a fielder by, for instance, pushing him. Also, a player may be given out if they deliberately hit a ball being thrown back to the keeper whilst being out of their crease, as happened to Inzamam-ul-Haq (see below).

Only one individual has ever been out obstructing the field in a Test match: England's Len Hutton, playing against South Africa at The Oval in London in 1951, knocked a ball away from his stumps, but in doing so prevented the South African wicket-keeper Russell Endean from completing a catch[12]. By coincidence, Endean was one of the few people to be given out handled the ball in a Test match (see above).

In one-day international cricket, three batsmen have been given out obstructing the field[9]:

Rameez Raja - for Pakistan v Australia in November 1987 (seeking a second run to complete his century off the final ball of the match and found short of the crease, Rameez blocked a fielder's return with his bat, being given out for 99) Mohinder Amarnath - for India v Sri Lanka in October 1989 (Amarnath pushed a ball away from his stumps) Inzamam-ul-Haq - for Pakistan v India in February 2006 (Inzamam blocked a fielder's return with his bat while short of the crease).

Law 38 : Run out If a fielder uses the ball to remove the bails from either set of stumps whilst the batsmen are running between the wickets (or otherwise away from the crease during the course of play), then the batsman (striker or non-striker) is out. The batsman nearest the set of stumps from which the bails were removed, but not actually in safe territory, is given out. If the batsman has any part of his body or his bat (if he's holding it) on the ground behind the line of the crease, then he cannot be run out (except if both batsmen are on the same side of a crease); frequently it is a close call whether or not a batsman gained his ground in this way before the bails were removed. (The difference between stumped and run out is that the wicketkeeper may stump a batsman who goes too far forward to play the ball, while any fielder, including the keeper, may run out a batsman who goes too far for any other purpose, including for taking a run.) If the bails have already been removed, a fielder can remove a remaining stump by pulling it out with the ball in their hands. A fielder can also "remake" the the stumps and remove a stump/bail to effect a runout.

A special form of run-out is when the batsman at the non-striker's end attempts to gain an advantage by leaving the crease before the next ball has been bowled (a common practice known as "backing up", but against the laws of cricket if the non-striker leaves his crease before the bowler has released the ball). The bowler may then dislodge the bails at his/her end without completing the run-up and dismiss the batsman. This form of run-out is called the Mankad (the dismissed batsman is said to have been "Mankaded"), in reference to Vinoo Mankad, the first bowler to dismiss a batsman in this manner in a Test match, running out Bill Brown in 1947. With the changes in the Laws of Cricket relatively recently a bowler cannot Mankad a batsman once he enters his delivery stride.

Law 39 : Stumped

If the striker steps in front of the crease to play the ball, leaving no part of his anatomy or the bat on the ground behind the crease, and the wicket-keeper is able to remove the bails from the wicket with the ball, then the striker is out. A stumping is most likely to be effected off slow bowling, or (less frequently) medium-paced bowling when the wicketkeeping is standing directly behind the stumps. As wicket-keepers stand several yards back from the stumps to fast bowlers, and as batsmen are less likely to play fast bowlers by moving out of the crease, stumpings are hardly ever effected off fast bowlers. But a keeper may throw down the stumps and the batsman is still out stumped if he out of his ground, but not attempting a run. Similarly, the ball can bounce off a keeper (but not external non-usual wicketkeeping protective equipment, like a helmet) and break the stumps and still be considered a stumping.